Tag: seven golden bowls

Morning Prayer: 04 Nov – Revelation 16:17-21 ~ plague 7 / utter destruction

Morning Prayer

+ In the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

Opening sentences

Lord, open my lips and my mouth will proclaim your praise.

I arise today, through God’s strength to pilot me:
God’s might to uphold me, God’s wisdom to guide me,
God’s eye to look before me, God’s ear to hear me,
God’s word to speak for me, God’s hand to guard me,
God’s way to lie before me, God’s shield to protect me,
God’s host to secure me: against snares of devils,
against temptations of vices, against inclinations of nature,
against everyone who shall wish me ill,
afar and anear, alone and in a crowd.

Revelation 16:17-21 (ESV) – to be read aloud

The destruction of Babylon The Nuremberg Chronicle, written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel and one of the best documented early printed books appearing in 1493.
The destruction of Babylon
The Nuremberg Chronicle, written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel and one of the best documented early printed books appearing in 1493.

The seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air, and a loud voice came out of the temple, from the throne, saying, “It is done!” And there were flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thunder, and a great earthquake such as there had never been since man was on the earth, so great was that earthquake. The great city was split into three parts, and the cities of the nations fell, and God remembered Babylon the great, to make her drain the cup of the wine of the fury of his wrath. And every island fled away, and no mountains were to be found. And great hailstones, about one hundred pounds each, fell from heaven on people; and they cursed God for the plague of the hail, because the plague was so severe.

Reflection

THE SECOND VISION (4:1-16:21)

The Seven Last Plagues (15:1-16:21)

Plagues poured out (16:1-21)

Plague 7 (16:17-21)

The climax [of God’s wrath] comes with the seventh bowl. This speaks of utter destruction. It does not say that all people will be killed; they must still face Almighty God for judgement. But this bowl does mean the complete fragmentation of earthly life. (Morris, p. 194)

The seventh bowl brings the judgement of God upon Babylon, the seat of the beast’s power. The detailed statement of the judgement and fall of Babylon follows in the next two chapters (17-18). (Ladd, p. 217)

It is done (16:17-19)

The seven plagues (15:1) have run their course and the human race stands on the threshold of eternity. The loud voice is the voice of God. (Mounce, p. 303)

While the present vision sees the utter ruin of the city by an earthquake [and the nations which have given their support to the beast], all that this destruction means is described in different terms in the two chapters that follow. (Ladd, p. 218)

The cup of God’s wrath (16:19)

“God remembered great Babylon.” These are poignant words. During the short period of the reign of the Antichrist it will seem as though God has forgotten his people. Evil will seem to be the victor; no deliverance is in sight. But God does not forget. God remembers, and he will remember to give the mighty enemy of his people her just due. (Ladd, p. 218)

No longer does the kindness and patience of God (intended to lead people to repentance, Rom 2:4) restrain his righteous indignation against all who have by their own free will decided irrevocably for evil. If God were not to punish unrighteousness, the concept of a moral universe would have to be discarded. (Mounce, p. 304)
__________


__________

Canticle

Christ, as a light – illumine and guide me.
Christ, as a shield – overshadow me.
Christ under me; Christ over me; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Be in the heart of each to whom I speak; in the mouth of each who speaks unto me.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Christ as a light; Christ as a shield; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.

Blessing

May the peace of the Lord Christ go with you, wherever He may send you.
May He guide you through the wilderness, protect you through the storm.
May He bring you home rejoicing at the wonders He has shown you.
May He bring you home rejoicing once again into our doors.

+ In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen
_____________________________________

Peanut Gallery: In September, we will begin reading through the Book of Revelation (ESV). Our purpose will be devotional, i.e. to discover the word of blessing that God has for us in these troubled times… to find hope and help for our daily lives.

This will not be a Bible Study per se: we will not attempt to unravel the “mysteries” of Revelation… that is far beyond our abilities and is not our interest here. However, so as not to get too far afield, we will rely on three study resources: primary – A Commentary on the Revelation of John (George Elton Ladd); supplemental Revelation (Leon Morris) and  The Book of Revelation (Robert H. Mounce).

The general format for Morning Prayer is adapted from the Northumbrian Community‘s Daily Office, as found in Celtic Daily Prayer (see online resources here.) On Sundays, we’ll return to the USCCB readings (see online resources here) and various liturgical resources in order to reflect the Church’s worship and concerns throughout the world. Photo illustrations and music videos, available online, are included as they illustrate or illuminate the readings. I will try to give credit and link to sources as best I can.

Morning Prayer: 03 Nov – Revelation 16:12-16 ~ plague 6 / stay alert

Morning Prayer

+ In the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

Opening sentences

Lord, open my lips and my mouth will proclaim your praise.

I arise today, through God’s strength to pilot me:
God’s might to uphold me, God’s wisdom to guide me,
God’s eye to look before me, God’s ear to hear me,
God’s word to speak for me, God’s hand to guard me,
God’s way to lie before me, God’s shield to protect me,
God’s host to secure me: against snares of devils,
against temptations of vices, against inclinations of nature,
against everyone who shall wish me ill,
afar and anear, alone and in a crowd.

Revelation 16:12-16 (ESV) – to be read aloud

image
(a view of the Valley of Jezreel, also known as the Valley of Megiddo, or Armageddon)

The sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates, and its water was dried up, to prepare the way for the kings from the east.

And I saw, coming out of the mouth of the dragon and out of the mouth of the beast and out of the mouth of the false prophet, three unclean spirits like frogs. For they are demonic spirits, performing signs, who go abroad to the kings of the whole world, to assemble them for battle on the great day of God the Almighty.

(“Behold, I am coming like a thief! Blessed is the one who stays awake, keeping his garments on, that he may not go about naked and be seen exposed!”)

And they assembled them at the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon.

Reflection

THE SECOND VISION (4:1-16:21)

The Seven Last Plagues (15:1-16:21)

Plagues poured out (16:1-21)

Plague 6 (16:12-16)

This bowl is different from the others in that it does not inflict a plague upon men but serves as a preparation for the final eschatological battle. (Ladd, p.212)

The Euphrates dried up (16:12)

The river Euphrates in the Old Testament is the boundary of the promised land, beyond which were hordes of heathen peoples waiting for the opportunity to invade the people of God…. The drying up of the river symbolically represents the removal of the barrier which holds back the pagan hordes.

The undefined “kings from the east” indicates John’s expectation of a confederation of kings in support of the beast to do battle with the Lamb. (Ladd, p.212-3)

Demonic spirits (16:13-14)

John sees three evil spirits coming out of the mouths of the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet…. suggesting the persuasive and deceptive propaganda that in the last days will lead people to an unconditional commitment to the cause of evil.

John envisions that the entire structure of human opposition to the kingdom of God will come crashing down in defeat… not by the gradual turning of people to the truth but by the dramatic and sudden return of the warrior Christ. People duped by the subtle [demonically inspired] propaganda of secularism have cut themselves off from the source of truth and must bear the inevitable consequences. (Mounce, p.299)

Stay alert (16:15)

When all the forces of the beast are gathered for the last battle, the believer will enter a period of supreme crisis…. The faithful are admonished to be on the alert for this great event…. The kind of spiritual preparedness that Christ requires is the discernment that cuts through the propaganda of Satan and his henchmen (cf. 13:13-15). (Mounce, p.300-1)

For those who are awake to his coming, the return of the Lord will be no surprising, unexpected event but a glad deliverance from the tragic situation in the world in which they have found themselves. (Ladd, p.215)

Armageddon (16:16)

The cryptic nature of the reference has… defeated all attempts at a final [geographical] answer…. Wherever it takes place, Armageddon is symbolic of the final overthrow of all the forces of evil by the mighty power of God. The great conflict between God and Satan, Christ and Antichrist, good and evil, that lies behind the perplexing course of history will in the end issue in a final struggle in which God will emerge victorious and take with him all who have put their faith in him. (Mounce, p.302)
__________


__________

Canticle

Christ, as a light – illumine and guide me.
Christ, as a shield – overshadow me.
Christ under me; Christ over me; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Be in the heart of each to whom I speak; in the mouth of each who speaks unto me.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Christ as a light; Christ as a shield; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.

Blessing

May the peace of the Lord Christ go with you, wherever He may send you.
May He guide you through the wilderness, protect you through the storm.
May He bring you home rejoicing at the wonders He has shown you.
May He bring you home rejoicing once again into our doors.

+ In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen
_____________________________________

Peanut Gallery: In September, we will begin reading through the Book of Revelation (ESV). Our purpose will be devotional, i.e. to discover the word of blessing that God has for us in these troubled times… to find hope and help for our daily lives.

This will not be a Bible Study per se: we will not attempt to unravel the “mysteries” of Revelation… that is far beyond our abilities and is not our interest here. However, so as not to get too far afield, we will rely on three study resources: primary – A Commentary on the Revelation of John (George Elton Ladd); supplemental Revelation (Leon Morris) and  The Book of Revelation (Robert H. Mounce).

The general format for Morning Prayer is adapted from the Northumbrian Community‘s Daily Office, as found in Celtic Daily Prayer (see online resources here.) On Sundays, we’ll return to the USCCB readings (see online resources here) and various liturgical resources in order to reflect the Church’s worship and concerns throughout the world. Photo illustrations and music videos, available online, are included as they illustrate or illuminate the readings. I will try to give credit and link to sources as best I can.

Morning Prayer: 31 Oct – Revelation 16:8-11 ~ plagues 4 and 5 / perseverance in evil

Morning Prayer

+ In the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

Opening sentences

Lord, open my lips and my mouth will proclaim your praise.

I arise today, through God’s strength to pilot me:
God’s might to uphold me, God’s wisdom to guide me,
God’s eye to look before me, God’s ear to hear me,
God’s word to speak for me, God’s hand to guard me,
God’s way to lie before me, God’s shield to protect me,
God’s host to secure me: against snares of devils,
against temptations of vices, against inclinations of nature,
against everyone who shall wish me ill,
afar and anear, alone and in a crowd.

Revelation 16:8-11 (ESV) – to be read aloud

The Great Day of His Wrath John Martin, 1851-3 Tate, Britain
The Great Day of His Wrath
John Martin, 1851-3
Tate, Britain

The fourth angel poured out his bowl on the sun, and it was allowed to scorch people with fire. They were scorched by the fierce heat, and they cursed the name of God who had power over these plagues. They did not repent and give him glory.

The fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast, and its kingdom was plunged into darkness. People gnawed their tongues in anguish and cursed the God of heaven for their pain and sores. They did not repent of their deeds.

Reflection

THE SECOND VISION (4:1-16:21)

The Seven Last Plagues (15:1-16:21)

Plagues poured out (16:1-21)

Plagues 4 and 5 (16:8-11)

The fourth plague scorches people with the fiery heat of the sun…. The sovereign control of God over the entire process of retributive justice is emphasized by the fact that the power to scorch people is said to be given to the sun.

The fifth plague causes darkness to settle over the beast’s kingdom and people gnaw their tongues in pain…. This supernatural darkness not only intensifies the distress of the previous plagues, but also adds a terror of its own. (Mounce, p.296-7)

This plague is poured out directly upon the seat of the beast’s power… upon the demonic civilization of the last time. (Ladd, p.212)

Hardness of heart (16:9-11)

It is important to note… that the afflicted men recognized that [these plagues were] the work of God; but so hard and recalcitrant are their hearts because of the choice they have made to follow the beast that, instead of being brought to their knees in humble confession of their dependence on God, they curse his name and stubbornly refuse to repent and give him glory….

They recognize the hand of God in judgement, but their hearts are adamant; they refuse to show any trace of repentance but instead cursed the God of heaven. (Ladd, p.211-2)

The followers of the beast… have become one in character with their evil master, whose most characteristic activity is to blaspheme God and his followers…. The decision to persevere in evil has permanently precluded any possibility of a return to righteousness. (Mounce, p. 297)
__________

image

Repent, the voice celestial cries by Philip Doddridge, 1702-1751

Repent, the voice celestial cries, Nor longer dare delay: The wretch that scorns the mandate dies, And meets a fiery day.

No more the sovereign eye of God O’er looks the crimes of men; His heralds are dispatched abroad To warn the world of sin.

Together in his presence bow, And all your guilt confess; Accept the offered savior now, Nor trifle with his grace.

Bow, ere the awful trumpet sound, And call you to his bar; For mercy knows the appointed bound, And turns to vengeance there.

Amazing love, that yet will call, And yet prolong our days! Our hearts subdued by goodness fall, And weep, and love, and praise.
__________

Canticle

Christ, as a light – illumine and guide me.
Christ, as a shield – overshadow me.
Christ under me; Christ over me; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Be in the heart of each to whom I speak; in the mouth of each who speaks unto me.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Christ as a light; Christ as a shield; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.

Blessing

May the peace of the Lord Christ go with you, wherever He may send you.
May He guide you through the wilderness, protect you through the storm.
May He bring you home rejoicing at the wonders He has shown you.
May He bring you home rejoicing once again into our doors.

+ In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen
_____________________________________

Peanut Gallery: In September, we will begin reading through the Book of Revelation (ESV). Our purpose will be devotional, i.e. to discover the word of blessing that God has for us in these troubled times… to find hope and help for our daily lives.

This will not be a Bible Study per se: we will not attempt to unravel the “mysteries” of Revelation… that is far beyond our abilities and is not our interest here. However, so as not to get too far afield, we will rely on three study resources: primary – A Commentary on the Revelation of John (George Elton Ladd); supplemental Revelation (Leon Morris) and  The Book of Revelation (Robert H. Mounce).

The general format for Morning Prayer is adapted from the Northumbrian Community‘s Daily Office, as found in Celtic Daily Prayer (see online resources here.) On Sundays, we’ll return to the USCCB readings (see online resources here) and various liturgical resources in order to reflect the Church’s worship and concerns throughout the world. Photo illustrations and music videos, available online, are included as they illustrate or illuminate the readings. I will try to give credit and link to sources as best I can.

Morning Prayer: 30 Oct – Revelation 16:3-7 ~ 2nd and 3rd plagues / just deserts

Morning Prayer

+ In the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

Opening sentences

Lord, open my lips and my mouth will proclaim your praise.

I arise today, through God’s strength to pilot me:
God’s might to uphold me, God’s wisdom to guide me,
God’s eye to look before me, God’s ear to hear me,
God’s word to speak for me, God’s hand to guard me,
God’s way to lie before me, God’s shield to protect me,
God’s host to secure me: against snares of devils,
against temptations of vices, against inclinations of nature,
against everyone who shall wish me ill,
afar and anear, alone and in a crowd.

Revelation 16:3-7 (ESV) – to be read aloud

The Second and Third Vials Poured into the Sea and the Waters no.59 from 'The Apocalypse of Angers', 1373-87 Musee des Tapisseries, Angers, France
The Second and Third Vials Poured into the Sea and the Waters
no.59 from ‘The Apocalypse of Angers’, 1373-87
Musee des Tapisseries, Angers, France

The second angel poured out his bowl into the sea, and it became like the blood of a corpse, and every living thing died that was in the sea.

The third angel poured out his bowl into the rivers and the springs of water, and they became blood. And I heard the angel in charge of the waters say,

“Just are you, O Holy One, who is and who was, for you brought these judgments. For they have shed the blood of saints and prophets, and you have given them blood to drink. It is what they deserve!”

And I heard the altar saying, “Yes, Lord God the Almighty, true and just are your judgments!”

Reflection

THE SECOND VISION (4:1-16:21)

The Seven Last Plagues (15:1-16:21)

Plagues poured out (16:1-21)

2nd & 3rd Plagues (16:3-4)

The second bowl of wrath is poured on the sea… all sea life dies. The third bowl of wrath is poured on the rivers and springs of water… spreading death. (Mounce, p.293)

We are now face to face with finality. (Morris, p.187)

God’s righteous judgement (16:5-7)

The voice of this angel proclaims the justice of God’s judgements upon those who have shed the blood of those who were loyal to God. The judgement of those who have martyred the saints is suited to the evil they have done. This is only what men deserve.

The judgements of God have fallen upon a rebellious world as a vindication to those who have been martyred (6:9) in answer to the prayers of the persecuted saints (9:13). (Ladd, p.211)

The judgement of God is neither vengeful nor capricious. It is an expression of his just and righteous nature. All caricatures of God that ignore his intense hatred of sin reveal more about human nature than about God. (Mounce, p.294)
__________

__________

Canticle

Christ, as a light – illumine and guide me.
Christ, as a shield – overshadow me.
Christ under me; Christ over me; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Be in the heart of each to whom I speak; in the mouth of each who speaks unto me.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Christ as a light; Christ as a shield; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.

Blessing

May the peace of the Lord Christ go with you, wherever He may send you.
May He guide you through the wilderness, protect you through the storm.
May He bring you home rejoicing at the wonders He has shown you.
May He bring you home rejoicing once again into our doors.

+ In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen
_____________________________________

Peanut Gallery: In September, we will begin reading through the Book of Revelation (ESV). Our purpose will be devotional, i.e. to discover the word of blessing that God has for us in these troubled times… to find hope and help for our daily lives.

This will not be a Bible Study per se: we will not attempt to unravel the “mysteries” of Revelation… that is far beyond our abilities and is not our interest here. However, so as not to get too far afield, we will rely on three study resources: primary – A Commentary on the Revelation of John (George Elton Ladd); supplemental Revelation (Leon Morris) and  The Book of Revelation (Robert H. Mounce).

The general format for Morning Prayer is adapted from the Northumbrian Community‘s Daily Office, as found in Celtic Daily Prayer (see online resources here.) On Sundays, we’ll return to the USCCB readings (see online resources here) and various liturgical resources in order to reflect the Church’s worship and concerns throughout the world. Photo illustrations and music videos, available online, are included as they illustrate or illuminate the readings. I will try to give credit and link to sources as best I can.

Morning Prayer: 29 Oct – Revelation 16:1-2 ~ 1st plague / painful sores

Morning Prayer

+ In the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen

Opening sentences

Lord, open my lips and my mouth will proclaim your praise.

I arise today, through God’s strength to pilot me:
God’s might to uphold me, God’s wisdom to guide me,
God’s eye to look before me, God’s ear to hear me,
God’s word to speak for me, God’s hand to guard me,
God’s way to lie before me, God’s shield to protect me,
God’s host to secure me: against snares of devils,
against temptations of vices, against inclinations of nature,
against everyone who shall wish me ill,
afar and anear, alone and in a crowd.

Revelation 16:1-2 (ESV) – to be read aloud

The Giving of the Seven Bowls of Wrath / The First Six Plagues Revelation 16:1-16 Matthias Gerung, c. 1531 Ottheinrich Bibel, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
The Giving of the Seven Bowls of Wrath / The First Six Plagues / Revelation 16:1-16
Matthias Gerung, c. 1531
Ottheinrich Bibel, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

Then I heard a loud voice from the temple telling the seven angels, “Go and pour out on the earth the seven bowls of the wrath of God.”

So the first angel went and poured out his bowl on the earth, and harmful and painful sores came upon the people who bore the mark of the beast and worshiped its image.

Reflection

THE SECOND VISION (4:1-16:21)

The Seven Last Plagues (15:1-16:21)

Plagues poured out (16:1-21)

The third and final series of numbered plagues depict the outpouring of God’s wrath…. Chapter 16 is given over entirely to the carrying out of the final series of plagues…. (Mounce, p.291)

These plagues must be seen in the context of the titanic struggle between the Kingdom of God and the kingdom of Satan pictured so vividly in Chapter twelve. These plagues are not the expression of God’s wrath against sin in general, nor are they punishments for individual wrongdoing. They are the outpouring of his wrath upon him who would frustrate the divine purpose in the world – the beast – and upon those who have given their loyalty to him…..

These plagues are God’s answer to Satan’s last and greatest effort to frustrate the divine rule. (Ladd, p.209)

The Seven Plagues now about to be described… are not tentative chastisements, but punitive and final. (Morris, p.186)

The first bowl (16:2)

The first bowl brings ‘loathsome and malignant ulcers” (Phillips) on people. (Mounce, 293)

The first plague falls directly upon… those who have surrendered to the enticements of the beast. John views the beast’s empire as worldwide in scope; only those who are loyal to the Lamb resist his satanic claims (13:7-8). In the end time, religion will be no longer a merely nominal thing; all men will have to declare their loyalty for Christ or for Antichrist. (Ladd, p.210)
__________

Petra – Who’s On The Lord’s Side

Listen, you’ve been runnin’ and runnin’ / Runnin’ for a long time, hey
Your time is windin’ up / You better make up your mind

It’s getting late in the evenin’ / The sun is goin’ down
You better get right, get right / While he may be found

I wanna know where / Who’s on the Lord’s side?
I wanna know where? Where? / Who’s on the Lord’s side

Where do you stand? / Come on, come on, yeah, yeah
I, I’m on the Lord’s side / So come on, come on

You got to run, got to work / Work while it’s day
For the night is coming / When you can’t find your way

Oh sinner I wonder / What will you do? What?
You better choose this day / Tomorrow’s not promised to you

I wanna know where? Where? / I wanna know where?
Who’s on the Lord’s side? / Tell me, tell me where? Where?

Come on, come on, yeah / Hey, hey, hey I’m on the Lord’s side
Come on, come on / Come on, come on, yeah

Oh yeah / Yeah, yeah

I wanna know who are you on the Lord’s side?
Get up if you’re on the Lord’s side
Get up, get up, the Lord’s side
Get up, get up, get up, if you’re on the Lord’s side
Get on your feet, now

I want to know where do you stand?
Who’s on the Lord’s side?
Tell me, tell me, tell me where? Where?
Where do you stand?
Ni ni ni ni ni, oh yeah, so come on
Yeah, yeah, yeah

Tell me, tell me, who’s on the Lord’s side?
Come on, come on / Alright
__________

Canticle

Christ, as a light – illumine and guide me.
Christ, as a shield – overshadow me.
Christ under me; Christ over me; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Be in the heart of each to whom I speak; in the mouth of each who speaks unto me.
This day be within and without me, lowly and meek, yet all-powerful.
Christ as a light; Christ as a shield; Christ beside me – on my left and my right.

Blessing

May the peace of the Lord Christ go with you, wherever He may send you.
May He guide you through the wilderness, protect you through the storm.
May He bring you home rejoicing at the wonders He has shown you.
May He bring you home rejoicing once again into our doors.

+ In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen
_____________________________________

Peanut Gallery: In September, we will begin reading through the Book of Revelation (ESV). Our purpose will be devotional, i.e. to discover the word of blessing that God has for us in these troubled times… to find hope and help for our daily lives.

This will not be a Bible Study per se: we will not attempt to unravel the “mysteries” of Revelation… that is far beyond our abilities and is not our interest here. However, so as not to get too far afield, we will rely on three study resources: primary – A Commentary on the Revelation of John (George Elton Ladd); supplemental Revelation (Leon Morris) and  The Book of Revelation (Robert H. Mounce).

The general format for Morning Prayer is adapted from the Northumbrian Community‘s Daily Office, as found in Celtic Daily Prayer (see online resources here.) On Sundays, we’ll return to the USCCB readings (see online resources here) and various liturgical resources in order to reflect the Church’s worship and concerns throughout the world. Photo illustrations and music videos, available online, are included as they illustrate or illuminate the readings. I will try to give credit and link to sources as best I can.